Abstract
Competency-Based Education (CBE) is an alternative pedagogical model that emphasizes mastery of skills and professional readiness over traditional metrics such as ‘seat time’ or grades. This exploratory case study investigated students' perceptions of implementing a CBE format in a second-semester Wellness Coaching Program (WCP) course at Humber Polytechnic. Using an anonymous survey of nine students, a thematic analysis was conducted on the open-ended responses. The results revealed five principal themes: (1) balancing flexibility with structure, (2) enhancing practical skills for career preparedness, (3) supportive learning through instructor and peer engagement, (4) navigating challenges in course design and workload, and (5) positive impact of mastery-based assessment. Overall, students viewed the CBE format favourably, noting decreased stress and increased confidence in professional skills. However, some difficulties were reported regarding the absence of firm deadlines and the volume of coursework. The findings suggest that CBE can offer flexible, relevant, and practical learning experiences that enhance access and equity for post-secondary learners. Educators and institutions, especially polytechnics, should consider these insights when designing CBE formats to prepare students for the future of work.
References
Açıkgöz, T., & Babadoğan, M. C. (2021). Competency-based education: Theory and practice. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(3), 67-93. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1326834.pdf
American Institutes for Research. (2021). State of the field findings from the 2020 national survey of postsecondary competency-based education. https://www.air.org/project/national-survey-postsecondary-competency-based-education
Barros, M. D., Lopes, C., Mendes, C. J. L., & Tempski, P. Z. (2022). Using portfolio in medical education: A systematic review. The FASEB Journal, 36(S1). https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r6267
Bierer, S. B., & Dannefer, E. F. (2016). The learning environment counts: Longitudinal qualitative analysis of study strategies adopted by first-year medical students in a competency-based educational program. Academic Medicine, 91(11), S44–S52. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000001363
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brenner, C. A. (2022). Self-regulated learning, self-determination theory and teacher candidates’ development of competency-based teaching practices. Smart Learning Environments, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00184-5
Brumwell, S., & Pichette, J. (2024). Ontario learning since the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated look at student experiences and outcomes in 2021–2022. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Chacko, T. (2014). Moving toward competency-based education: Challenges and the way forward. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-4848.144365
Crawford, L., Cofie, N., McEwen, L., Dagnone, D., & Taylor, S. W. (2020). Perceptions and barriers to competency‐based education in Canadian postgraduate medical education. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 26(4), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13371
Dabney, B. W., & VanDerWoude, C. J. (2023). Implementing a specifications grading system in a nursing course. Nurse Educator, 48(4), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1097/nne.0000000000001372
Doer, B. (2008). “Polytechnics” in higher education systems: A comparative review and policy implications for Ontario. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Estrada, S., Mason, J., Boyer, N., & Telkamp, J. (2020). Competency-based education and learner self-direction: Findings from an exploratory study. American Institutes for Research. https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/Postsecondary-CBE-and-Learner-Self-Direction-March-2020.pdf
Ford, R., & Meyer, R. (2015). Competency-based education 101. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 1473–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.325
Gervais, J. (2016). The operational definition of competency‐based education. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 1(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbe2.1011
Global Wellness Institute. (2023, November 7). The global wellness economy reaches a record $5.6 Trillion—And it’s forecast to hit $8.5 trillion by 2027. https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/press-room/press-releases/globalwellnesseconomymonitor2023/
Gruppen, L. D., Burkhardt, J. C., Fitzgerald, J. T., Funnell, M., Haftel, H. M., Lypson, M. L., Mullan, P. B., Santen, S. A., Sheets, K. J., Stalburg, C. M., & Vasquez, J. A. (2016). Competency-based education: Programme design and challenges to implementation. Medical Education, 50(5), 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12977
Gruppen, L. D., Mangrulkar, R. S., & Kolars, J. C. (2012). The promise of competency-based education in the health professions for improving global health. Human Resources for Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-10-43
Hauer, K. E., & O’Sullivan, P. S. (2021). Making sense of milestones Data—Guiding residents or assessing training programs? JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2137606. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37606
Hofmeister, E. H., Fogelberg, K., Conner, B. J., & Gibbons, P. (2022). Specifications grading in a cardiovascular systems course: Student and course coordinator perspectives on the impacts on student achievement. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 50(2), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2021-0115
Holmes, A., Tuin, M., & Turner, S. (2021). Competence and competency in higher education, simple terms yet with complex meanings: theoretical and practical issues for university teachers and assessors implementing competency-based education (CBE). Educational Process: International Journal, 10(3), 39–52. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1312102.pdf
Humber Polytechnic. (n.d.). Wellness coaching. Humber Polytechnic. https://healthsciences.humber.ca/programs/wellness-coaching.html
Janssens, O., Embo, M., Valcke, M., & Haerens, L. (2023). When theory beats practice: The implementation of competency-based education at healthcare workplaces. BMC Medical Education, 23(484). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04446-3
Johnstone, S. M., & Soares, L. (2014). Principles for developing competency-based education programs. Change the Magazine of Higher Learning, 46(2), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2014.896705
Katzman, S. D., Hurst-Kennedy, J., Barrera, A., Talley, J., Javazon, E., Diaz, M., & Anzovino, M. E. (2021). The effect of specifications grading on students’ learning and attitudes in an undergraduate-level cell biology course. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.00200-21
Kruger, J. S. (2023). Rethinking penalties for late work: The case for flexibility, equity, and support. Pedagogy in Health Promotion, 9(4), 234–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/23733799231198778
Leach, D. C. (2008). Competencies: From deconstruction to reconstruction and back again, lessons learned. American Journal of Public Health, 98(9), 1562–1564. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.125302
Lechler, R. C., & Huemann, M. (2023). Motivation of young project professionals: their needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and purpose. Project Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/87569728231195587
Lewis, L. S., Rebeschi, L. M., & Hunt, E. (2022). Nursing education practice update 2022: Competency-based education in nursing. SAGE Open Nursing, 8, 237796082211407. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221140774
Linden, B., Stuart, H., & Ecclestone, A. (2022). Trends in post-secondary student stress: A Pan-Canadian study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 68(7), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221111365
Long, C., Bernoteit, S., & Davidson, S. (2020). Competency-based education: A clear, equitable path forward for today’s learners. Change the Magazine of Higher Learning, 52(6), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2020.1839335
McIntyre‐Hite, L., Cheney, M., Bever, S. W., Mast, L., & Hapka, A. R. (2018). CBEN’s quality framework: A case study in its application to CBE curriculum quality standards at Walden University. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbe2.1170
McMullen, J., Arakawa, N., Anderson, C., Pattison, L., & McGrath, S. (2022). A systematic review of contemporary competency-based education and training for pharmacy practitioners and students. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 19(2), 192–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.013
Nodine, T. (2016). How did we get here? A brief history of competency‐based higher education in the United States. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 1(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbe2.1004
Oroszi, T. (2020). Competency-based education. Creative Education, 11(11), 2467–2476. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1111181
Pichette, J., & Watkins, E. K. (2018). Competency-based education: Driving the skills-measurement agenda. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
Polytechnics Canada. (2020). Polytechnics and the future of work: Preparing today’s learners for tomorrow’s workforce. https://polytechnicscanada.ca/resources/best-practices/polytechnics-the-future-of-work
Prokes, C., Lowenthal, P. R., Snelson, C., & Rice, K. (2021). Faculty views of CBE, self‐efficacy, and institutional support: An exploratory study. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 6(4), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbe2.1263
Quintana, R., & Quintana, C. (2020). When classroom interactions have to go online: The move to specifications grading in a project-based design course. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(7/8), 525–532. https://doi.org/10.1108/ils-04-2020-0119
Roberts, A., Roche, M., & Sainani, K. (2023). Exploratory analyses: How to meaningfully interpret and report them. PM&R, 15(6), 800–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12980
Tan, S., & Sekercioglu, F. (2022). Examining the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on international postsecondary students in Canada: A cross sectional analysis. International Health Trends and Perspectives, 2(3), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v2i3.1662
Tekian, A., Hodges, B. D., Roberts, T. E., Schuwirth, L., & Norcini, J. (2014). Assessing competencies using milestones along the way. Medical Teacher, 37(4), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159x.2014.993954
Thornhill-Miller, B., Camarda, A., Mercier, M., Burkhardt, J., Morisseau, T., Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Vinchon, F., Hayek, S. E., Augereau-Landais, M., Mourey, F., Feybesse, C., Sundquist, D., & Lubart, T. (2023). Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration: Assessment, certification, and promotion of 21st century skills for the future of work and education. Journal of Intelligence, 11(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030054
Townsley, M., & Schmid, D. (2020). Alternative grading practices: An entry point for faculty in competency‐based education. The Journal of Competency-Based Education, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbe2.1219
Walden, P. R. (2020). Competency-based education: Purposes and promises. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(04), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713780
Walters, G. (2016). Developing competency-based advising practices in response to paradigm shifts in higher education. NACADA Journal, 36(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.12930/nacada-15-033
Winget, M., & Persky, A. M. (2022). A practical review of mastery learning. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 86(10), ajpe8906. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8906
Wolever, R. Q., Simmons, L. A., Sforzo, G. A., Dill, D., Kaye, M., Bechard, E. M., Southard, M. E., Kennedy, M., Vosloo, J., & Yang, N. (2013). A systematic review of the literature on health and wellness coaching: Defining a key behavioral intervention in healthcare. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 2(4), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2013.042

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajay Rampersad, Noah Gentner
